Drives & Partitions

Enumerate

fdisk -l	List Partitions and Drives.
parted -l	List Partitions and Drives (with more details).
lsblk	List Block Devices.
blkid	List block devices and their UUIDs. Useful for identifying specific drives.
hdparm -i /dev/sda	Information about a SATA drive.
smartctl -a /dev/sda	S.M.A.R.T. data for a SATA drive (health status).
cat /etc/fstab	List Filesystems from /etc/fstab.
mount	List Mounted Filesystems.
df -h	Display Disk Usage and Free Space (Human-Readable).
df -t	Filesystem types.
df -i	Inode usage.
du -sh <dir>	Display Directory Disk Usage (Human-Readable).
statvfs <dir>	Display Filesystem Information.

Block Device = Storage device that manages data in fixed-size blocks or chunks.

Modify

fdisk <device>	Interactively Create and Manage Disk Partitions (e.g., fdisk /dev/sda).
parted <device>	Interactively Create and Manage Disk Partitions with more features (e.g., parted /dev/sda).
resize2fs <partition>	Resize an Ext2/Ext3/Ext4 Filesystem on a Partition.
gparted	Graphical Partition Editor for managing partitions.
umount <mount_point>	Unmount a Mounted Filesystem (e.g., umount /mnt/mydrive).
sync	Synchronize Cached Data to Disk.
partprobe	Inform the OS of Partition Table Changes.
gdisk <device>	GUID Partition Table (GPT) Disk Utility (e.g., gdisk /dev/sda).
mkpart	Create a New Partition in gdisk.
resizepart	Resize a Partition in gdisk.
mklabel	Create a GPT Label in gdisk.
partx	Create Device Maps for Partitions.
lvm	Logical Volume Manager for managing logical volumes.
pvcreate	Initialize a Physical Volume for use in LVM (e.g., pvcreate /dev/sdb1).
vgcreate	Create a Volume Group in LVM (e.g., vgcreate myvg /dev/sdb1).
lvcreate	Create a Logical Volume in LVM (e.g., lvcreate -L 10G -n mylv myvg).
lvresize	Resize a Logical Volume in LVM (e.g., lvresize -L +2G /dev/myvg/mylv).
mkswap <partition>	Create a Swap Space on a Partition (e.g., mkswap /dev/sdb2).
swapon <partition>	Enable Swap Space on a Partition (e.g., swapon /dev/sdb2).
swapoff <partition>	Disable Swap Space on a Partition (e.g., swapoff /dev/sdb2).
mdadm	Manage Software RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks).
mkraid	Create a Software RAID Array.
mdadm --create	Create a RAID Device.
mdadm --add	Add a Disk to an Existing RAID array.
mdadm --remove	Remove a Disk from a RAID array.
mdadm --grow	Grow or Resize a RAID array.
mkfs <filesystem_type> <partition>	Create a Filesystem on a Partition (e.g., mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1).
dd	Copy Data from One Device/Partition to another.
dd if=<source> of=<destination>	Copy Data from Source to Destination (e.g., dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/sdc).
dd if=<source> of=<destination> bs=<block_size>	Copy Data with Specified Block Size (e.g., dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/sdc bs=4M).